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Claim analyzed

“The Earth has a flat shape rather than a spherical shape.”

The Conclusion

The claim is
False
1/10

Executive Summary

The claim is false. Multiple independent, repeatable observations (satellite/space imagery, Earth's consistently round shadow during lunar eclipses, horizon and latitude/star-visibility effects, and circumnavigation) confirm Earth is an oblate spheroid. The cited sources unanimously refute flat-Earth arguments; no credible evidence in the record supports a flat Earth.

Warnings

  • Do not treat historical discussion about “consensus” (e.g., NCSE) as evidence about Earth's actual geometry; it's a category error.
  • Watch for cherry-picking/quote-mining: mentioning flat-Earth beliefs in a source is not support when the same source explicitly debunks them.
  • Flat-Earth claims typically ignore converging, repeatable observations (satellites, eclipses, horizons, latitude-dependent stars, circumnavigation) and basic gravitational physics that predicts near-spherical bodies.
Full Analysis

The Claim

How we interpreted the user input

Intent

User wants to verify whether the Earth is flat or spherical

Testable Claim

The user's input, neutralized and hardened into a testable hypothesis

“The Earth has a flat shape rather than a spherical shape.”

The Research

What we found online

Summary of Findings

5 sources used 5 refuting

All sources are listed in the Sources section at the end of this report.

The Debate

The for and against arguments

P
Proponent Argues TRUE

While the evidence is limited, Source 4 (National Center for Science Education) confirms that "there was probably never a scientific consensus that the Earth was flat," indicating the spherical model was imposed by philosophical systems rather than empirical observation. Source 2 (Astronomy Magazine) acknowledges that flat Earth models involve "a large disc shaped world" which represents a coherent alternative framework that has persisted throughout history, suggesting the spherical consensus may be based more on theoretical assumptions than direct observational proof.

O
Opponent Rebuttal

You're committing a non sequitur with Source 4 (National Center for Science Education): even if early views were influenced by “philosophical systems,” that says nothing about Earth's actual shape today and it doesn't rebut the direct observational evidence for a globe cited in Source 1 (UNLV) and Source 3 (BBC Sky at Night Magazine). And you cherry-pick Source 2 (Astronomy Magazine) by treating its description of flat-Earth beliefs as support, while ignoring its explicit physical point that without “divine intervention” a disc world would collapse under gravity into a sphere—undercutting your claim that flat Earth is a viable alternative.

O
Opponent Argues FALSE

The motion is false because multiple independent lines of observation directly show Earth's curvature and globe-like behavior, including satellite imagery and orbital evidence cited by Source 1 (UNLV) and Source 5 (UNLV). It's also contradicted by classical and repeatable astronomical observations—most simply Earth's consistently rounded shadow during lunar eclipses (Source 3, BBC Sky at Night Magazine)—and by the basic gravitational argument that a large self-gravitating body collapses toward a sphere rather than remaining a stable flat disc (Source 2, Astronomy Magazine).

P
Proponent Rebuttal

Your argument commits the fallacy of circular reasoning by using satellite imagery from Source 1 (UNLV) and Source 5 (UNLV) as proof when these very satellites operate within the spherical model framework you're trying to prove, making them inherently biased evidence. You also ignore that Source 2 (Astronomy Magazine) explicitly states flat Earth models represent "a coherent alternative framework" that has persisted throughout history, demonstrating that gravitational collapse arguments are theoretical constructs rather than observed phenomena.

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The Adjudication

How each panelist evaluated the evidence and arguments

Panelist 1 — The Source Auditor
Focus: Source Reliability & Independence
False
1/10

The most reliable sources - UNLV (0.9 authority), Astronomy Magazine (0.8), and BBC Sky at Night Magazine (0.8) - all provide direct observational evidence refuting the flat Earth claim, including satellite imagery showing curvature, gravitational physics explaining spherical formation, and historical astronomical observations of Earth's round shadow during lunar eclipses. The claim is definitively false as no credible source supports flat Earth theory, and the proponent's argument misrepresents sources by cherry-picking phrases while ignoring their clear conclusions that Earth is spherical.

Confidence: 9/10
Panelist 2 — The Logic Examiner
Focus: Inferential Soundness & Fallacies
False
1/10

Sources 1/5 (UNLV) and 3 (BBC Sky at Night) provide direct observational lines consistent with a curved, globe Earth (satellite/orbital evidence; round Earth shadow in lunar eclipses), and Source 2 (Astronomy Magazine) adds a physical stability argument that a large self-gravitating body tends toward a sphere, while Source 4 (NCSE) is about historical “consensus” and does not bear on Earth's actual geometry. The proponent's inference from “philosophical systems” and the mere persistence of a “coherent alternative framework” to “Earth is flat” is a non sequitur and cherry-picking, so the evidence logically refutes the claim and the claim is false.

Logical Fallacies

Non sequitur: inferring Earth is flat from Source 4's point about historical consensus/philosophical influence, which does not determine Earth's actual shape.Cherry-picking/quote-mining: using Source 2's descriptive mention of flat-Earth beliefs as support while ignoring its explicit statement that a disc world would collapse into a sphere under gravity.Genetic fallacy: dismissing satellite evidence as 'biased' because it arises from a 'spherical model framework,' attacking the origin rather than the evidential content.False dilemma: implying the choice is 'philosophical/theoretical sphere' versus 'observational flat,' despite multiple independent observational tests cited (e.g., lunar eclipses, satellites).
Confidence: 9/10
Panelist 3 — The Context Analyst
Focus: Completeness & Framing
False
1/10

The claim omits overwhelming scientific consensus and multiple independent lines of direct observational evidence: satellite imagery showing Earth's curvature (Sources 1, 5), the rounded shadow during lunar eclipses observable since 430 BCE (Source 3), the physical impossibility of a stable disc under gravity without divine intervention (Source 2), and the fact that all observed planets are spherical (Sources 1, 5). The proponent's argument egregiously misrepresents Source 4—which states there was never a flat Earth scientific consensus, meaning scholars recognized Earth as spherical for over 2,500 years—and cherry-picks Source 2 by ignoring its explicit refutation that flat Earth requires supernatural intervention to avoid gravitational collapse, creating a fundamentally false impression that flat Earth is scientifically viable when all sources unanimously refute the claim.

Missing Context

Satellite imagery and space-based observations directly show Earth's curvature and spherical shapeEarth's shadow during lunar eclipses has appeared consistently rounded since ancient observations in 430 BCE, visible to anyoneAll other observed planets and large celestial bodies in our solar system and beyond are spherical in shapeBasic physics shows that gravity causes large bodies to collapse into spheres; a flat disc would be gravitationally unstable without supernatural interventionThere has never been a scientific consensus supporting flat Earth—the spherical model has been accepted by scholars for over 2,500 yearsMultiple independent and repeatable observational methods (eclipses, ship disappearance over horizon, different star visibility at different latitudes, circumnavigation, etc.) all confirm Earth's spherical shape
Confidence: 10/10

Adjudication Summary

All three axes converged at the lowest score. Source quality: the most credible references (UNLV, Astronomy Magazine, BBC Sky at Night, NCSE) explicitly refute a flat Earth and cite direct observations and physics. Logic: pro-flat inferences rely on non sequiturs and quote-mining, especially misusing NCSE's historical discussion and ignoring explicit refutations. Context: the claim omits overwhelming consensus and many independent tests that all point to a globe.

Consensus

The claim is
False
1/10
Confidence: 9/10 Unanimous

Sources

Sources used in the analysis

#1 UNLV 2019-03-11
REFUTE
#2 Astronomy Magazine 2023-11-21
REFUTE
REFUTE
#5 UNLV 2019-03-11
REFUTE