Published studies support that electrochemical enzyme-based biosensors can detect tumor-related metabolites such as glucose and lactate. Evidence includes cancer-cell and tumor-sample experiments using glucose- and lactate-oxidase sensors. The main caveat is that many demonstrations are proof-of-concept or ex vivo, so capability is established more clearly than routine clinical use.

The literature strongly supports the claimed effect. Across multiple peer-reviewed reviews, nanomaterials such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, metal nanoparticles, and metal oxides are consistently reported to enhance electron transfer and improve biosensor performance metrics including sensitivity and detection limits. The main caveat is that the size and reliability of the benefit depend on the specific material, enzyme, and application.