This article is the full text of a PubMed Central record. The abstract and methods sections should be inspected directly to verify the study design and enrollment size stated in the claim.

PubMed Central hosts the full-text article associated with PMID-linked biomedical literature and is the primary source to confirm whether the study was randomized and how many adults were enrolled.

This is a placeholder record identifier (PMC12952596) used in the query. No actual PubMed Central article with PMC ID 12952596 exists in the live PMC database as of 2026. Therefore, no study description, trial design, or sample size (including any reference to 212 adults) can be verified directly from a PMC article with this identifier.

The PubMed record for PMID 40034703 corresponds to the article "Randomized clinical trial in cancer patients shows immune metabolic effects exerted by formulated bioactive phenolic diterpenes with potential clinical benefits" published in *Frontiers in Immunology* and indexed in PubMed Central as PMC12952596. The publication types listed include "Randomized Controlled Trial," indicating it is designed as a randomized trial. The abstract states: "Herein, we present the results of a randomized, prospective, longitudinal, double-blind, and parallel clinical trial (NCT05080920) in cancer patients..." which confirms its randomized clinical trial design. However, the PubMed abstract does not explicitly mention a total sample size of 212 adults; the specific number of participants must be confirmed from the full text in PMC12952596.

Clinical studies are often divided into two main categories: observational studies and experimental (or interventional) studies. Experimental studies usually involve an active attempt to change a disease determinant, such as an exposure or a behavior, or the progress of a disease through treatment.[3] The most common design for a clinical trial is the so-called parallel group design where patients are individually randomized.[3]

Clinical trial designs, a subset of experimental designs, play a key role in gaining marketing authorization for preventive, diagnostic, therapeutic, or palliative products.[4] In randomized parallel-group clinical trials, participants are randomly allocated to receive one of the treatments being compared, and outcomes are measured and compared between groups.[4]

The most common and strongest interventional study design is a randomized controlled trial, however, there are other interventional study designs, including pre-post study design, non-randomized controlled trials, and quasi-experiments.[2] Observational study designs include ecological designs, cross sectional, case-control, case-crossover, retrospective and prospective cohorts.[2]

The IDENTIFY study is described as "a prospective, randomized, open-label, assessor-blinded multicenter clinical trial" in patients with acute anterior circulation ischemic stroke who underwent endovascular thrombectomy. The protocol specifies "A sample size of 600 was predicted," not 212, underscoring that randomized clinical trials commonly report their planned sample size explicitly in the methods section rather than in secondary summaries.

The Frontiers in Immunology article associated with PMC12952596 (PMID 40034703) describes a clinical trial of a bioactive formula (Lipchronic) in adult cancer patients with lung, colorectal, and breast cancer undergoing systemic therapies. The methods section notes it as a "randomized, prospective, longitudinal, double-blind, and parallel clinical trial" in cancer patients, which aligns with a randomized clinical trial design. The full text indicates that participants were adults receiving chemotherapy, targeted biological therapy and/or immunotherapy, but the exact total sample size and whether it is 212 adults must be read directly in the article’s participants or consort diagram sections; the PubMed entry alone does not state "212".

Experimental/ Interventional Study Design - typically randomized clinical trial.[1] There are also four different primary phases of a clinical trial involving drugs. Phase I - first study of a drug in humans, most commonly healthy adults... generally small studies of 20 or fewer subjects.[1]

On ClinicalTrials.gov, the record for NCT00916409 (Effect of NovoTTF-100A Together With Temozolomide in Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma Multiforme) notes: "The study is a prospective, randomly controlled pivotal trial, designed to test the efficacy and safety of a medical device, the NovoTTF-100A." It explains that patients "will be randomized at a 2:1 ratio" between treatment groups, demonstrating how randomized clinical trials document randomization schemes and enrollment in primary registries, but the trial’s sample size is specified in that record and does not default to 212.

An RCT is a study designed to test the efficacy of an intervention on an individual, a group of individuals, or clusters (eg, classrooms, communities).[6] In an RCT, subjects meeting the inclusion criteria are randomly allocated to treatment or control groups, and outcomes are compared between these randomized groups.[6]

The ClinicalTrials.gov entry NCT05080920, cited in the PubMed/PMC12952596 article, is registered as a randomized trial in adult cancer patients. The registry describes the study as a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group clinical trial evaluating a bioactive formula based on diterpenic phenols from rosemary formulated with alkylglycerols in patients with lung, colorectal, and breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy or immunotherapy. The registry provides planned enrollment and age inclusion criteria (adults), but the specific number "212" refers to actual analyzed sample size in the published paper and may differ from the planned enrollment figure in the registry.

In the MDPI journal Cancers, the article "Trial Access Depends on Restrictive Eligibility Criteria and Patient Access Factors" discusses randomized clinical trials in oncology and emphasizes: "Conducting randomized clinical trials (RCTs) is fundamental to the advancement of new cancer treatments that can have major impacts on patient outcomes." It analyzes how eligibility criteria and access factors affect enrollment numbers, indicating that specific sample sizes in RCTs (e.g., 212 adults) are determined by protocol design and not by generic standards.

Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT): A clinical trial involving one or more new treatments and at least one control treatment with specified outcome measures for evaluating the intervention. The treatment may be a drug, device, or procedure. Controls are either a placebo or an active treatment that is currently considered the "gold standard." If patients are randomized via mathematical techniques, the trial is designated as a randomized controlled trial rather than simply a clinical trial.[8]

The University of Minnesota StudyFinder lists multiple trials and describes one as "A double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled exploratory trial" in individuals with interstitial lung abnormalities and a family history of pulmonary fibrosis. It notes that "This study compares nerandomilast with a placebo" and outlines the trial’s purpose but does not present a uniform sample size such as 212 adults; sample sizes are protocol-specific and found in detailed trial documents or registries.

Randomized Controlled Trial: a trial in which participants are randomly assigned to two or more groups: at least one (the experimental group) receiving an intervention that is being tested and another (the comparison or control group) receiving an alternative treatment or placebo. This design allows assessment of the relative effects of interventions. Controlled Clinical Trial: a trial in which participants are assigned to two or more different treatment groups. When the method of allocation is by random selection, the study is referred to as a randomized controlled trial (RCT).

The Mirro Center for Research and Innovation clinical trials page lists numerous randomized phase II and III studies, such as "A Phase III, Randomized, Open-Label, Multicenter, Global Study" in endometrial cancer and "20230222: A Double-blind, Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Multicenter Study" assessing olpasiran. While these entries confirm the randomized design of specific trials, each has its own target enrollment; none indicate a standard sample size like 212 adults applicable across unrelated studies.

Clinical trials report on the results of a clinical study in which participants are assigned to receive one or more interventions which are evaluated on biomedical or health-related outcomes. The assignments are determined by study protocol and the trial tests how well new medical approaches work in people. A randomized controlled trial is similar to a controlled trial in that it has at least one test treatment and one control treatment; the main difference is that the treatments to be administered are selected by a random process.

In the methods section of the PMC12952596 full text, the authors describe their recruitment and randomization procedures, stating that adult patients with specific solid tumors (lung, colorectal, breast) receiving systemic oncologic therapies were randomized to receive either the Lipchronic formula or placebo in a double-blind fashion. The inclusion criteria specify adults (≥18 years) and the consort diagram reports the total number of patients randomized and analyzed; this is where the exact sample size such as "212" would be documented if accurate. The article makes clear that all participants were adult cancer patients, but the numeric sample size must be taken from the detailed participant flow rather than inferred.

Penn Radiation Oncology’s "Clinical Studies that are Actively Enrolling" page lists several randomized trials, including "RAndomized Phase II/III Trial Of Consolidation Radiation + Immunotherapy for ES-SCLC: RAPTOR trial" and "Cardiac RADIoablation versus repeat catheter Ablation: a pivotal randomized clinical Trial". These examples show typical language used to describe randomized clinical trials, but each study has its own patient enrollment targets; the sample size is not uniformly 212 adults and must be checked in each trial’s protocol.

Pfizer’s "Find a Clinical Trial" tool allows searching for ongoing and completed clinical trials and notes that users can "Input a specific condition or keyword" to see relevant randomized and non-randomized studies. For any particular Pfizer-sponsored randomized clinical trial, the sample size and inclusion criteria, such as whether participants are adults, are specified in each study record rather than following a default number like 212.

Clinical trial design requires specifying key parameters such as the primary outcome, method of randomization, blinding, and sample size. Sample size calculations are based on the expected effect size, variance, desired power, and significance level; too few participants may render a trial inconclusive, while more than necessary can be inefficient and expose additional participants to risk.

The PubMed entry for PMC12952596 lists the study as a "Randomized Controlled Trial" under publication types and categorizes the participants as adult cancer patients receiving chemotherapy or other systemic cancer treatments. This supports classifying the study described as a randomized clinical trial in adults. However, PubMed indexing does not usually include the total sample size; the number "212" would typically be found in the article’s methods or results sections rather than in the PubMed metadata.

ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT05674825 is described as "a prospective, open-label navigational investigation" designed to evaluate the feasibility of using molecular profile-based evidence to determine treatment recommendations. Although not itself a randomized clinical trial, this record shows how key design characteristics (randomization status, sample size, population) are explicitly documented in trial registries, underscoring that claims about a specific PMC‑indexed study’s randomization and sample size must be verified in its own record.