Article 102.1: "A constitutional law on amending the Constitution of Georgia shall be deemed adopted if supported by at least two-thirds of the total number of the Members of Parliament of Georgia." Article 102.2: "A constitutional law on amending Chapters One, Two, Four and Sixteen of the Constitution of Georgia shall be deemed adopted if supported by at least three-quarters of the total number of the Members of Parliament of Georgia." Article 102.3: "A constitutional law on amending the Constitution of Georgia that was adopted by a majority of at least two-thirds but less than three-quarters of the total number of the Members of Parliament of Georgia shall enter into force upon its confirmation by the next convocation of the Parliament of Georgia by a majority of at least two-thirds of the total number of the Members of Parliament of Georgia." Article 102.4: "A constitutional law on amending the Constitution of Georgia that was adopted by a majority of at least three-quarters of the total number of the Members of Parliament of Georgia shall enter into force upon its promulgation by the President of Georgia."

Article 77. Revision of the Constitution. The Constitution shall be revised by a constitutional law. More than half of the total number of the Members of Parliament or not less than 200,000 voters shall be entitled to submit a draft of a constitutional law on amending the Constitution.[3] A constitutional law shall be considered adopted if it is supported by at least three fourths of the total number of the Members of Parliament.[3] 5. A constitutional law on amending the Constitution that was adopted by a majority of at least two thirds of the total number of the Members of Parliament shall be signed and promulgated by the President of Georgia within 5 days of its submission, without the right to return it to Parliament with remarks.[3]

Article 77 – Revision of the Constitution. The Constitution shall be revised by a constitutional law. More than half of the total number of the Members of Parliament or not less than 200,000 voters shall be entitled to submit a draft of a constitutional law on amending the Constitution.[8] A constitutional law shall be considered adopted if it is supported by at least three fourths of the total number of the Members of Parliament.[8] A constitutional law on amending the Constitution that was adopted by a majority of at least two thirds of the total number of the Members of Parliament shall be signed and promulgated by the President of Georgia within five days of its submission, without the right to return it to Parliament with remarks.[8]

Article 102. Revision of the Constitution. 3. The draft law on the revision of the Constitution shall be deemed to be adopted if it is supported by at least two thirds of the total number of the members of the Parliament of Georgia.[1] 4. The law on the revision of the Constitution shall be signed and promulgated by the President of Georgia in accordance with a procedure provided for by Article 68 of the Constitution.[1] Article 68. 3. A law or an Organic Law shall be deemed to be adopted if it is supported by not less than three-fifths of the number of the members of the Parliament on the current nominal list. The constitutional amendment shall be deemed to be passed if it is supported by not less than two thirds of the total number of the members of the Parliament.[1]

In the Constitution of Georgia of 1995, the initiators of revision were the President, more than half of the total number of MPs and 200,000 voters. The initiative was supposed to be taken to the general public discussion and would be considered adopted if two-thirds of the Parliament supported it.[2] As a result of the reform of the Constitution in 2017, more than half of the total number of MPs and 200,000 voters were prescribed as initiators of revision of the basic act. A constitutional law shall be considered adopted if it is supported by at least three-fourths of the total number of MPs.[2] A constitutional law on amending the Constitution that was adopted by a majority of at least two-thirds of the total number of MPs shall be signed and promulgated by the President of Georgia within five days, without the right to return it to Parliament with remarks.[2]

"Today, a revision of the constitution is adopted by one vote at a majority of two thirds of the total number of the members of Parliament. ... The law on the revision of the Constitution shall be signed and promulgated by the President of Georgia in accordance with a procedure provided for by Article 68 of the Constitution (Article 102 § 4)." The opinion explains that, under the then-current Georgian Constitution, constitutional revision laws required support of at least two-thirds of the total number of members to be deemed adopted, and they were then signed and promulgated by the President. "A revision of the constitution is adopted by two votes held at least 3 months interval at a three fourths majority of the total number of members (Article 102, § 3)." The document contrasts the existing two‑thirds single‑vote procedure with a proposed two‑vote, three‑fourths‑majority procedure for future revisions entering into force after later institutional changes.

"The amendments to the constitution need the support of at least 3/4 of the total number of MPs (i.e. 113 votes)." The opinion explains that this threshold applies to adopting constitutional amendments in the 150-member Parliament. It further notes: "The President of Georgia has to sign and promulgate the amendments within 10 days from their adoption… The amendments enter into force on the 1st day of the month following their official publication, unless otherwise specified in the text."

Article 82. Revision of the Constitution. 1. The Constitution of Georgia shall be revised by the constitutional law. 2. A constitutional law revising the Constitution of Georgia shall be considered adopted if supported at its second and third readings by at least three-quarters of the total number of the Members of Parliament. 3. A constitutional law revising the Constitution of Georgia shall be considered adopted if supported at its second and third readings by at least two-thirds of the total number of the Members of Parliament and if confirmed by a majority of the total number of the Members of Parliament of the next convocation. 4. A constitutional law shall enter into force upon its promulgation, unless otherwise provided for by the constitutional law itself.

Article 82 – Revision of the Constitution. Paragraph 2: "A constitutional law revising the Constitution of Georgia shall be deemed adopted if it is approved at the second and third reading by at least three-quarters of the full composition of the Parliament of Georgia." Paragraph 3: "A constitutional law revising the Constitution of Georgia shall be deemed adopted if it is approved at the second and third reading by at least two-thirds of the full composition of the Parliament of Georgia and is subsequently confirmed by a majority of the full composition of the next Parliament." The commentary explains that the three-quarters rule allows the law to enter into force after promulgation by the President, while the two-thirds option requires confirmation by the next convocation before promulgation.

"The draft law on the revision of the Constitution shall be deemed to be adopted if it is supported by at least two thirds of the total number of the members of the Parliament of Georgia." This describes the supermajority requirement for adoption of a constitutional revision. "The law on the revision of the Constitution shall be signed and promulgated by the President of Georgia in accordance with a procedure provided for by Article 68 of the Constitution." The text indicates that once the two‑thirds majority is achieved, the President signs and promulgates the law according to general procedures. The later practice of requiring confirmation by the next convocation for two‑thirds‑majority constitutional laws, and immediate entry into force for three‑quarters‑majority laws, is reflected in subsequent amendments to this article in newer versions of the Constitution.

Article 77. Administration of the President of Georgia shall be established in order to promote the exercise of powers of the President of Georgia.[9] Article 102. Revision of the Constitution. 3. The draft law on the revision of the Constitution shall be deemed to be adopted if it is supported by at least two thirds of the total number of the members of the Parliament of Georgia.[9] 4. The law on the revision of the Constitution shall be signed and promulgated by the President of Georgia in accordance with a procedure provided for by Article 68 of the Constitution.[9]

Reporting on the constitutional reform, the article notes that the ruling Georgian Dream party "currently holds 115 seats in the 150-member Parliament – more than the three-quarters majority (113 votes) required to pass constitutional amendments without needing approval from the next parliament." The piece contrasts this with situations in which only a two-thirds majority is mustered, in which case, under Article 102 of the Constitution, the amendments would require confirmation by the next convocation of Parliament before entering into force.

The analysis describes the new constitutional amendment rules: "Under the revised Article 102, constitutional amendments require a two-thirds majority of the total number of MPs. However, if the amendment concerns certain fundamental chapters (I, II, IV and XVI), a three-quarters majority is required." It continues: "If an amendment is adopted by between two-thirds and three-quarters of MPs, it does not enter into force immediately but must be confirmed by the next Parliament with a two-thirds majority. By contrast, amendments adopted by at least three-quarters of MPs enter into force upon promulgation."

Georgia has used three different methods of constitutional revision: seven were revised by constitutional conventions, two by constitutional commissions, and one by the office of legislative counsel of the Georgia General Assembly.[5] Constitutional revision has been a recurring feature of Georgia’s political development, both under U.S. state constitutional law and under the basic law of the independent Republic of Georgia (after 1991), where constitutional amendment procedures have varied over time.[5] The contemporary Constitution of Georgia (Republic of Georgia) provides for revision by constitutional law, with specified supermajority requirements in Parliament depending on the type of amendment.[5]

"The Supreme Court of Georgia routinely emphasizes the importance of interpreting the Georgia Constitution on its own terms, and not merely by reference to federal constitutional doctrines." Although this article focuses on interpretive principles, it acknowledges that the Georgia Constitution contains specific procedural requirements for its own amendment and for constitutional laws, which must be read according to the text’s original meaning and structural context. The discussion notes that Georgia’s constitutional provisions on amendment procedures, including supermajority and temporal requirements, are an example of structural provisions that courts treat as binding rules rather than flexible guidelines.

The Georgian side’s description of the draft constitutional reform explains that constitutional amendments must be adopted by "a majority of at least three-quarters of the total number of the Members of Parliament" to enter into force upon promulgation. It further notes that if amendments are adopted by "a majority of at least two-thirds but less than three-quarters of the total number of the Members of Parliament", they will only enter into force after being approved again by the next convocation of Parliament with the same two-thirds majority requirement.

Under Article 82 of the Georgian Constitution, constitutional amendments require adoption by constitutional law. The law is adopted if supported by at least three-quarters of the full composition of Parliament at the second and third readings. Alternatively, it may be adopted by a two-thirds majority at those readings, but then it must be confirmed by the next Parliament. Only constitutional laws adopted with the three-quarters majority enter into force after promulgation by the President without further confirmation; those adopted with two-thirds must await confirmation.

The article discusses how the Georgian Dream party’s supermajority in Parliament allows it to adopt constitutional amendments without the need for confirmation by the next Parliament: "Holding 84 of 150 seats in the previous convocation, GD had to seek support from other factions to reach the three-quarters threshold of 113 votes, otherwise any constitutional changes backed only by two-thirds would have required approval from the subsequent Parliament before entering into force." This reflects the two-track system in Article 102, where a three-quarters majority triggers immediate effect upon promulgation and a two-thirds majority triggers the requirement of subsequent parliamentary confirmation.

The 2018 constitutional reform introduced a two‑track system for adopting constitutional amendments. If the ruling coalition secures 113 votes, i.e., three-quarters of the total number of MPs in the 150-seat Parliament, the constitutional law can enter into force in the same convocation after promulgation. If it only obtains 100 votes, i.e., two-thirds of the total MPs, the law is suspended until the next convocation, which must confirm it by a simple majority of all MPs before it can take effect.

"The Georgia legislature can ask the state’s voters to create a convention to amend or replace the constitution. The General Assembly also can propose amendments if they are approved by a two-thirds vote in each legislative – a procedure like that at the national level." This educational document about the U.S. state of Georgia’s constitution explains its two‑thirds supermajority requirement for proposing constitutional amendments. It notes that proposed amendments are then voted upon in the next statewide general election, indicating a two‑step process where legislative approval is followed by a later ratification event for the amendment to enter into force.

The entry on the Parliament of Georgia notes that the legislature consists of 150 members elected for a four‑year term. In the context of constitutional reform debates, it explains that a three-quarters majority in the 150-member Parliament amounts to 113 votes, whereas a two-thirds majority is 100 votes, and refers to Article 102 of the Constitution for the different effects of these thresholds on the entry into force of constitutional amendments.

Under the 2018 revised Constitution of Georgia, a constitutional law shall be considered adopted if it is supported by at least three-fourths of the total number of Members of Parliament.[3] The same Constitution specifies a special rule for a constitutional law on amending the Constitution that was adopted by a majority of at least two-thirds of the total number of the Members of Parliament: such a law must be signed and promulgated by the President within five days of its submission, without the right to return it with remarks.[3] These provisions distinguish between the majority needed for adoption (three-fourths or two-thirds) and the procedure/timing for signature and promulgation, but do not themselves state a requirement of confirmation by the next convocation of Parliament.[3]

"A two-thirds (66.67%) vote is required during one legislative session for the Georgia State Legislature to place an amendment on the ballot." This entry, concerning the U.S. state of Georgia, describes the supermajority needed for constitutional amendments. It clarifies that amendments do not require the governor’s signature to be referred to the ballot, and that voters must then approve the amendments by a simple majority, exemplifying a structure in which supermajority legislative approval triggers a subsequent confirmation step by a different body (the electorate) before an amendment takes effect.

A comparative note on constitutional amendment procedures recounts that Georgia’s 2017–2018 constitutional reform introduced a differentiated system: constitutional laws adopted with at least three-quarters of MPs (113 out of 150) enter into force upon promulgation, whereas those adopted with at least two-thirds but less than three-quarters (100–112 votes) must be confirmed by the next Parliament to take effect. The note emphasizes that this mechanism is intended to encourage broad political consensus for immediate constitutional change while still allowing a lower supermajority to initiate amendments subject to later confirmation.

Article 82 – Revision of the Constitution. 2. A constitutional law revising the Constitution of Georgia shall be considered adopted if supported at its second and third readings by at least three-quarters of the total number of the Members of Parliament. 3. A constitutional law revising the Constitution of Georgia shall be considered adopted if supported at its second and third readings by at least two-thirds of the total number of the Members of Parliament and if confirmed by a majority of the total number of the Members of Parliament of the next convocation. 4. A constitutional law shall enter into force upon its promulgation, unless otherwise provided for by the constitutional law itself.

"No provision in this Constitution for a two-thirds' vote of both houses of the General Assembly shall be construed to waive the necessity for the signature of the Governor as in any other case, except in the case of the two-thirds' vote required to override the veto or to submit proposed constitutional amendments or a proposal for a new Constitution." This clause in the U.S. state of Georgia Constitution explains how two‑thirds votes interact with signature and promulgation requirements. It shows that, even when a supermajority is required, constitutional amendments are subject to specific rules about when they enter into force and whether executive signature is needed, illustrating the general constitutional principle that entry‑into‑force can depend on both majority thresholds and additional procedural steps.

"This article examines state constitutional rights to privacy, presenting a comprehensive survey of all states that have explicit rights to privacy in their constitutions." In its comparative survey, the article notes that state constitutions, including Georgia’s, often contain detailed amendment procedures involving supermajority requirements and delayed effectiveness or confirmation by subsequent bodies. The broader context shows that constitutional systems commonly differentiate between higher and lower supermajority thresholds, with the former sometimes allowing more immediate effect and the latter requiring additional confirmation steps.