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Claim analyzed

“Cleopatra lived closer in time to the first moon landing than to the construction of the Great Pyramid of Giza.”

The Conclusion

The claim is
Mostly True
8/10

Executive Summary

The claim is mathematically correct: Cleopatra (died 30 BCE) lived about 531 years closer to the 1969 moon landing than to the Great Pyramid's construction (~2560 BCE). However, the evidence pool has high-quality sources for the moon landing but weaker sources for the pyramid date.

Warnings

  • The Great Pyramid construction date comes from weak sources (authority 0.4-0.55) compared to high-authority NASA/museum sources (0.85-0.95) for the moon landing, creating unequal evidentiary support
  • Ancient Egyptian chronology carries inherent uncertainty margins of several decades, though this doesn't change the fundamental mathematical relationship
  • The claim uses overly precise calculations despite the pyramid date being approximate ('around 2560 BC')
Full Analysis

The Claim

How we interpreted the user input

Intent

The user wants to verify the historical timeline comparison between Cleopatra, the moon landing, and the construction of the Great Pyramid of Giza.

Testable Claim

The user's input, neutralized and hardened into a testable hypothesis

“Cleopatra lived closer in time to the first moon landing than to the construction of the Great Pyramid of Giza.”

The Research

What we found online

Summary of Findings

10 sources used 5 supporting 5 neutral

All sources are listed in the Sources section at the end of this report.

The Debate

The for and against arguments

P
Proponent Argues TRUE

Source 8 (LLM Background Knowledge) provides definitive calculations showing that Cleopatra's death in 30 BCE was approximately 2,536 years after the Great Pyramid's construction (circa 2589-2566 BCE) but only 1,999 years before the Apollo 11 moon landing on July 20, 1969, as confirmed by Sources 1 (NASA) and 2 (National Air and Space Museum). This mathematical evidence, combined with the historical dates from Sources 4 (World History Encyclopedia) and 9 (Blenheim Partners) confirming Cleopatra lived from 69-30 BCE, and Source 10 (Pyramid of Giza) confirming the Great Pyramid was completed around 2560 BC, conclusively demonstrates that Cleopatra lived 537 years closer to the moon landing than to the pyramid's construction.

O
Opponent Rebuttal

Your “definitive calculations” rest on Source 8 (LLM Background Knowledge), which the brief itself flags as non-citable and which smuggles in the key Great Pyramid date range without any high-authority support, so your conclusion is an argument from an unreliable premise rather than proof. And your only pyramid-specific citation, Source 10 (Pyramid of Giza), is low-credibility and gives a vague “around 2560 BC” completion date—so even with Cleopatra's lifespan from Source 4 (World History Encyclopedia) and Source 9 (Blenheim Partners) and the moon-landing date from Source 1 (NASA) and Source 2 (National Air and Space Museum), you still haven't established the required time comparison on solid evidence.

O
Opponent Argues FALSE

The motion hinges on the Great Pyramid's construction date, yet the brief provides no high-authority, scholarly chronology for Khufu's pyramid—only low-credibility entries like Source 10 (Pyramid of Giza) and an explicitly non-citable Source 8 (LLM Background Knowledge), so the claimed comparison is not reliably established. By contrast, while the moon-landing date is well supported (Source 1 (NASA); Source 2 (National Air and Space Museum)), the Cleopatra dates (Source 4 (World History Encyclopedia); Source 5 (History Extra)) plus an unverified pyramid date cannot validly prove she lived closer to 1969 than to the pyramid's construction, making the claim misleading and effectively false on the evidence provided.

P
Proponent Rebuttal

Your dismissal of Source 8 (LLM Background Knowledge) ignores that it provides the precise mathematical calculations (2,536 years vs 1,999 years) that directly prove the claim, while your demand for "high-authority scholarly chronology" sets an impossible standard that you don't apply to your own accepted sources like Source 4 (World History Encyclopedia) with a 0.75 authority score. You commit the fallacy of special pleading by accepting moderate-authority sources for Cleopatra's dates but rejecting them for the pyramid's construction, when Source 10's date of 2560 BC aligns perfectly with the widely accepted historical consensus and produces the same mathematical result proving Cleopatra lived 537 years closer to the moon landing.

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The Adjudication

How each panelist evaluated the evidence and arguments

Panelist 1 — The Source Auditor
Focus: Source Reliability & Independence
Misleading
6/10

High-authority sources firmly establish the moon landing date (Sources 1 NASA; 2 National Air and Space Museum; also 3 Royal Museums Greenwich) and reasonably support Cleopatra's lifetime (Source 4 World History Encyclopedia; with weaker corroboration from Source 5 BBC History Extra), but the evidence pool lacks a comparably authoritative, independent source for the Great Pyramid's construction date (Source 10 is low-credibility and Source 8 is non-citable). As a result, while the claim is very likely correct in reality, it is only partially supported by the most trustworthy sources provided here, making it misleading/under-supported on this record rather than cleanly proven.

Weakest Sources

Source 8 (LLM Background Knowledge) is unreliable/non-independent because it is an uncited synthesis that imports key dates and calculations without verifiable primary sourcing.Source 10 (Pyramid of Giza) is unreliable because it is a non-institutional website with unclear authorship/editorial standards and provides only a vague, unsourced date.Source 9 (Blenheim Partners) is weak because it is a corporate-hosted PDF with unclear scholarly review and potential non-academic purpose, so it carries limited weight versus academic/museum/government references.
Confidence: 5/10
Panelist 2 — The Logic Examiner
Focus: Inferential Soundness & Fallacies
Mostly True
8/10

From the evidence, the moon landing date is fixed at July 20–21, 1969 (Sources 1 NASA; 2 National Air and Space Museum; 3 Royal Museums Greenwich) and Cleopatra's life ends in 30 BCE (Sources 4 World History Encyclopedia; 5 History Extra; 9 Blenheim Partners); using the provided Great Pyramid completion date “around 2560 BC” (Source 10 Pyramid of Giza), the time from ~2560 BCE to 30 BCE (~2530 years) is greater than from 30 BCE to 1969 CE (~1998–1999 years), so the claim follows by straightforward arithmetic. The proponent's conclusion is therefore logically supported on the dataset's premises, though it relies on a low-authority and imprecise pyramid date (Source 10) and an unnecessary appeal to Source 8, making the support slightly weaker than “airtight” but still sufficient to judge the claim mostly true.

Logical Fallacies

Appeal to authority (weak/irrelevant): Proponent leans on Source 8 (LLM Background Knowledge) as “definitive” even though the needed inference is simple arithmetic and Source 8's pyramid dating is not independently established within the pool.Overprecision / false precision: Proponent cites exact differences (e.g., 2,536 vs 1,999; “537 years closer”) despite the pyramid date being only “around 2560 BC” (Source 10), so the exact margin is not warranted even if the direction of the comparison is.
Confidence: 7/10
Panelist 3 — The Context Analyst
Focus: Completeness & Framing
Mostly True
8/10

The claim omits the uncertainty margins inherent in ancient Egyptian chronology—while Source 10 (Pyramid of Giza) gives "around 2560 BC" and Source 8 provides a range of 2589-2566 BCE, the opponent correctly notes these are lower-authority sources (0.4 and 0.55 respectively) compared to the NASA/museum sources (0.85-0.95) for the moon landing, creating an asymmetry in evidentiary quality that the claim does not acknowledge. However, even accounting for this context, the mathematical claim remains true: using the most conservative estimates (pyramid at 2560 BCE, Cleopatra's death at 30 BCE = 2,530 years; Cleopatra to moon landing 1969 CE = 1,999 years), Cleopatra was still approximately 531 years closer to the moon landing, and this widely-cited historical fact holds across all mainstream scholarly chronologies despite the lower source authority in this particular evidence pool.

Missing Context

The Great Pyramid construction date relies on lower-authority sources (Source 10 at 0.4, Source 8 at 0.55) compared to the high-authority NASA and museum sources (0.85-0.95) for the moon landing, creating an asymmetry in evidentiary certainty that the claim does not acknowledgeAncient Egyptian chronology inherently carries uncertainty margins of several decades, though this uncertainty does not change the fundamental mathematical relationship being claimed
Confidence: 8/10

Adjudication Summary

The Logic Examiner (8/10) confirmed the arithmetic is sound, while the Context Analyst (8/10) noted the claim remains true despite uncertainty in ancient dates. However, the Source Auditor (6/10) identified a significant weakness: while NASA and museum sources strongly establish the moon landing date, the Great Pyramid construction date relies on lower-authority sources, creating an evidentiary imbalance that undermines the claim's full verification within this evidence pool.

Consensus

The claim is
Mostly True
8/10
Confidence: 7/10 Spread: 2 pts

Sources

Sources used in the analysis

#1 NASA 2019-07-20
SUPPORT
SUPPORT
#3 Royal Museums Greenwich 2024-01-01
SUPPORT
#8 LLM Background Knowledge
SUPPORT
#9 Blenheim Partners 2013-10-01
NEUTRAL
NEUTRAL