“Men experience greater overall life hardship than women.”

Despite progress over the past decades, women and girls continue to face discrimination in all areas of their lives. … In most cases, because these social institutions mirror longstanding patriarchal values, women lose out.

Averaging the GGPI values across the 114 countries for which the index is computed, we obtain a global gender gap ratio of 0.721. This suggests that women achieve, on average, only 72.1 percent of what men achieve across key human development dimensions—meaning that the average gender gap is almost 28 percent. Overall, women lag behind men in all countries included in the analysis, since the values of the GGPI are systematically below the equality value of 1.

There is a clear gender health disparity across OECD countries: men die younger, while women live longer but spend more of their lives in poor health. … The morbidity – mortality disparity: women spend a larger share of their life in poor health, despite living longer. Across OECD countries, women report more years with activity limitations after age 60 than men (6.3 vs. 5.0 years), resulting in a smaller share of life in good health (74% vs. 76%).

Women in the United States continue to face higher rates of poverty than men [8]. Women’s access to economic resources and opportunities is more limited and constrained as compared with men [9]. … The 2021 official poverty rate for women was 12.6% as compared with 10.5% for men [11]. … The regression results show that similar factors protect against and increase poverty risk for both men and women, while the descriptive results show that women are more likely to face multiple disadvantages, including responsibility for dependent children, poorer health, lower net worth, and greater income uncertainty.

Over the 25‐year study period, male injury and fatality rates were consistently higher than females. … Occupational fatality rates for males were more than nine times higher than female rates, and for nonfatal occupational injuries, male rates were 1.4 times higher than female rates.

The method presented by Chang and colleagues [7] effectively debunks broad-stroke assumptions about female or male disadvantage—there are no universal winners or losers by sex.

Two seemingly contradictory empirical regularities underpin this paradox: Across time periods and geographic regions, women generally report greater life satisfaction and overall happiness than men. Yet, women also experience higher levels of mental health issues, negative affect, and pain.

The overwhelming evidence we presented in the last section is consistent with the proposition that women express lower subjective wellbeing than men, notwithstanding the somewhat paradoxical findings with respect to life satisfaction and happiness. … The real paradox is that whilst women express lower wellbeing than men, men suffer from poorer health than women and have lower life expectancy. … Men though are more burdened by illness during life. They fall ill at a younger age and have more chronic illnesses than women.

Across the three umbrella reviews, 43.9% of the estimates were greater in females, 28.5% in males, and 27.6% found no differences. The differences were small in 90% of the studies (Effect Size between 0 and 0.5).

In this population, women were more likely than men to declare that they were subjected to physical or sexual assault during the past 6 months, that they had been diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and that they had experienced more severe depressive symptoms. … Moreover, these women presented a higher suicide risk, worse physical health status, and lower QoL than similarly situated men.

The male-female health-survival paradox—the phenomenon observed in modern human societies in which women experience greater longevity and yet higher rates of disability and poor health than men—has far-reaching economic, sociological, and medical implications. … With regard to the health part of the paradox, the female disadvantages in health and functioning, research on contemporary populations generally suggests that men are physically stronger, report fewer diseases, and have fewer limitations in the activities of daily living at older ages than women.

Of the 40 leading causes of death, 33 causes contribute more to reduced life expectancy in men than in women. … Global suicide mortality rates were 75% higher in men than in women in 2016. Death rates from road injury are more than twice as high in men than in women from age 15, and mortality rates due to homicide are 4 times higher in men than in women.

There was a significant difference in the mean stress score of males and females (t = -2.507, p = 0.013). More females reported moderate and high stress compared to males.

Women were more likely than men to be exposed to low income and to financial stress; 21% of the women, for example, were exposed to financial stress compared with 15% of the men in 1996-97. The corresponding figures for exposure to low income were 47% for women and 37% for men.

An adjusted ratio of greater than one indicates male disadvantage, while below one indicates female disadvantage. … Most countries experience male disadvantage in life expectancy throughout the life span. Seventy-three countries (31%) had male disadvantage at all ages, and an additional 42 countries (18%) had male disadvantage at every age but one.

Women live longer than men in nearly all populations today. … We studied male–female survival differences in populations of slaves and populations exposed to severe famines and epidemics. We find that even when mortality was very high, women lived longer on average than men.

Some of the measurable ways that gender inequity affects women globally, in comparison with men, include: - lower rates of schooling and employment - less pay for similar work - higher levels of stress - higher rates of unpaid work, such as caring for sick relatives - exposure to higher rates of sexual assault, intimate partner abuse, and gender-based violence - a lack of representation in government

At the zero order, homeless men are more likely than homeless women to be victimized by assault (from any perpetrator) but this difference disappears when relevant confounds are controlled. … Homeless women are far more likely to be victims of intimate partner violence than homeless men are, and this difference is robust under statistical controls.

As life expectancy at birth in the US decreased for the second consecutive year, from 78.8 years (2019) to 77.0 years (2020) and 76.1 years (2021), the gap between women and men widened to 5.8 years, its largest since 1996 and an increase from a low of 4.8 years in 2010.

GII reflects gender-based disadvantage in three dimensions— reproductive health, empowerment and the labour market—for as many countries as data of reasonable quality allow. It shows the loss in potential human development due to inequality between female and male achievements in these dimensions.

The most significant deviation from the UNDP’s GDI is that the index value for all countries is reduced. In fact, while the UNDP’s GDI shows a number of countries with gender disparity in favor of women, we see that all countries now have an index value below one.

male survival is much more sensitive to adverse socio-economic conditions than female. Women appear to be ‘resilient’.

Worldwide, life expectancy is generally higher for women than for men. Researchers have proposed biological as well as behavioral and social factors to explain this differential in life expectancy by sex.

These results suggest that health inequalities cannot be attributed solely to gender or SDH; rather, their intersections create compounded health burdens that manifest differently for men and women [21]. Thus, a nuanced approach must be considered to identify intersectional groups of men and women most vulnerable to poorer health.

Sex/gender moderated several associations between ACEs or cumulative trauma with mental health problems. … ACEs were associated with some greater odds of mental health problems among men. Conversely, cumulative trauma was associated with greater odds of mood disorder among females.

Among PEH, the most common manners of death were suicide (44.9%) and homicide (31.0%), most were male (83.0%), and White, non-Hispanic (59.3%).

They are more frequently exposed to repeated violence and PTSD compared to housed women (Beijer et al., 2018) and have higher rates of depression and suicidal ideation than men in similar situations (Tinland et al., 2018).

Overall, our results did not indicate a significant gender difference in life satisfaction (d= −0.004, 95% CI = [−0.02, 0.01]) or job satisfaction (d= −0.02, 95% CI = [−0.06, 0.01]).

In this population, women were more likely than men to declare that they were subjected to physical or sexual assault during the past 6 months, that they had been diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and that they had experienced more severe depressive symptoms. … Moreover, these women presented a higher suicide risk, worse physical health status, and lower QoL than similarly situated men.

From January 1, 2016, through December 31, 2018, a total of 122 110 violent deaths occurred in the 31 states, of which 1757 (1.4%) were among PEH (male: 83.4%; female: 16.6%; White: 73.5%; Black: 18.2%; Hispanic: 11.3%).

Moreover, white people's and men's mental health showed lower rates of recovering mental health

Existing research has found a range of ways in which women experiencing homelessness (WEH) may suffer more adverse health experiences and outcomes than men experiencing homelessness (MEH). … Our data reveal stark gender differences in exposure to violence among IEHs. Being a recent victim of violence was the norm for WEH in our study. … WEH also reported higher rates of violent episodes than men across all types of violence studied here, with the differences especially marked in relation to sexual and psychological violence.

In this population, women were more likely than men to declare that they were subjected to physical or sexual assault during the past 6 months, that they had been diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and that they had experienced more severe depressive symptoms. Moreover, these women presented a higher suicide risk, worse physical health status, and lower QoL than similarly situated men.

The study by Anand describes U-shaped relationship for women in relation with depression by using Regression model to assess linearity. The impact of economic status is significant on depression. The other study was carried out on father who struggle with the daily life expenses in Finnish.

The study of financial well-being has gained attention in recent years and a number of scholarly articles have pointed to gender-related differences and their antecedents and consequents.

women score more highly than men on all negative affect measures and lower than men on all but three positive affect metrics, confirming a gender wellbeing gap … However, when one examines the three 'global' wellbeing metrics—happiness, life satisfaction and Cantril's Ladder—women are either similar to or 'happier' than men … The concern here though is that this is inconsistent with objective data where men have lower life expectancy and are more likely to die from suicide, drug overdoses and other diseases. This is the true paradox—morbidity doesn't match mortality by gender. Women say they are less cheerful and calm, more depressed, and lonely, but happier and more satisfied with their lives, than men.

Women outlive men in almost every society. In more developed countries, the average life expectancy at birth is 79 years for women, 72 years for men.

The shortening lifespan of Americans has been attributed in part to so-called “deaths of despair.” The term refers to the increase in deaths from such causes as suicide, drug use disorders, and alcoholic liver disease, which are often connected with economic hardship, depression, and stress. … “While rates of death from drug overdose and homicide have climbed for both men and women, it is clear that men constitute an increasingly disproportionate share of these deaths,” Yan said.

Despite a number of biological factors contributing to female longevity, it is well known that, on average, women have poorer health than men at the same age. This counterintuitive phenomenon is called the morbidity-mortality paradox (Kulminski et al., 2008).

The results reveal that the UNDP GII overestimates the gap between the two genders, and that using women-specific indicators leads to a fallacious estimation of gender inequality.

Differences in outcomes from transfers to women versus men are found in all but two of the studies included in this review

Of the total sample, 76.2% (n = 384) reported having been the victim of some type of violence in the last 12 months. This experience was reported by 100% of the WEH and 70.6% of the MEH (X 2 = 37.06; df = 1; p <0.001). This higher proportion of victims who were women compared to victims who were men pertained across all types of violence (see Table 1). … WEH suffered an average of 20.2 episodes of violence of any kind over the previous 12 months (SD = 12.1), over seven times as many as MEH, who suffered an average of 2.8 episodes (SD = 3.1) (t = -14.1; df = 98; p <0.001). As shown in Table 1, WEH reported a higher average number of … The multiple linear regression model adjusted to the dependent variable for the total number of episodes of violence suffered (R 2 = 0.762) indicated that being a woman was the main predictor (p <0.001), with lower age (p <0.001) and male aggressor as covariates (p <0.001).