2 published verifications about Second Estate Second Estate ×
“In the Estates-General of France, each of the three Estates had one vote, allowing the First Estate and Second Estate to outvote the Third Estate.”
The historical evidence supports the claim’s core point. Under the traditional Estates-General system, each estate voted as a bloc, so the clergy and nobility could outvote the Third Estate two votes to one. The important caveat is that in 1789 this procedure was disputed, which became a major cause of the political crisis.
“In pre-revolutionary France under the Ancien Régime, the First Estate and Second Estate had legal privileges and paid fewer taxes than the Third Estate.”
The evidence strongly supports the claim’s core meaning. Under the Ancien Régime, the First and Second Estates enjoyed legal privileges, and the Third Estate bore the heavier overall tax burden. Although clergy and nobles were not exempt from every tax in every period, they were shielded from major burdens that fell more directly on commoners.