Library.

“Lower intelligence and weaker analytic thinking skills are strongly and consistently associated with greater receptivity to misinformation and unsubstantiated claims, according to scientific research.”

The core relationship described in this claim is well-supported by multiple peer-reviewed studies, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews showing that weaker analytic and reflective thinking is consistently associated with greater susceptibility to misinformation and unsubstantiated beliefs. However, the claim's use of "lower intelligence" somewhat overstates the evidence: the literature more precisely identifies analytic thinking style, cognitive reflection, and critical thinking dispositions—constructs related to but broader than general intelligence—as the key predictors. Effect sizes also vary across domains.

“The majority of online misinformation is spread by human users rather than automated bots.”

The weight of available research supports the claim that human users remain the primary drivers of online misinformation spread, though the picture is more nuanced than the claim suggests. The most rigorous large-scale studies show that false news diffusion patterns persist even after removing bot accounts, and human behavioral mechanisms — habitual sharing, platform incentives, superspreaders — remain dominant factors. However, bots punch well above their weight in specific contexts, and the rapid rise of AI-generated content since 2023 is narrowing the gap in ways not yet fully measured.

“Practical steps to avoid hoaxes include being cautious of provocative headlines, checking website addresses, and cross-referencing information from multiple trusted sources.”

Multiple credible, independent institutions — including the European Commission, SFU Library, and NOAA — explicitly recommend all three steps named in the claim: scrutinizing provocative headlines, checking website URLs, and cross-referencing with trusted sources. No evidence in the source pool contradicts these recommendations. The claim presents a non-exhaustive but accurate subset of widely recognized media literacy best practices; readers should be aware that additional verification steps (such as consulting fact-checkers) are also commonly advised.